On April 22, a terror attack in Pahalgam, India, resulted in the deaths of 26 domestic tourists.

In the aftermath, India blamed Pakistan for the incident, although Pakistan did not claim responsibility.

India has since promised a military response, restricting Pakistani aircraft from entering its airspace.

Additionally, India has threatened to block several rivers flowing into Pakistan, which are critical for the latter's water supply.

The Kashmir region, divided between India, Pakistan, and partially by China, is considered one of the most volatile areas globally, with a history of ongoing military conflicts, making it a potential flashpoint for war.

Both nations possess nuclear weapons, adding to the urgency of the situation.

The conflict between India and Pakistan has deep roots, dating back to the colonial legacy of the United Kingdom.

Shortly after World War II ended, in August 1947, British India was partitioned into two countries, India and Pakistan, forcing approximately 15 million people to relocate based on religious lines.

The partition resulted in significant violence, with estimates of around one million casualties as communities were uprooted and displaced.

India has a Hindu majority and a significant Muslim minority, while Pakistan was established as a Muslim-majority state.

Since the partition, the two countries have engaged in three major wars, one undeclared war, and numerous military skirmishes, with the Kashmir region repeatedly serving as a catalyst for conflict.

The most notable military confrontations occurred in 1965, 1971, and 1999, with ongoing military tensions persisting through various escalations, including a conflict in 2019.

A critical issue in the ongoing dispute is water access, particularly the Indus River System.

India controls the rivers that are vital for Pakistan's agriculture and drinking water needs.

The Indus Waters Treaty, brokered in 1960, divided water resources between the two countries with Pakistan relying heavily on the Indus and its eastern tributaries.

India, however, has been accused of violating this treaty by restricting water flow from dams, particularly the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River.

Restrictions on water flow can severely impact Pakistan, which receives over 90% of its water from these sources.

In response to rising tensions following the terror attack, Pakistan conducted a test of a short-range ballistic missile with a range of 450 kilometers.

India retaliated by prohibiting Pakistani merchant ships from docking in its ports and significantly reducing water flow from the Baglihar Dam, severely limiting Pakistan’s water access.

These actions are perceived as violations of the long-standing treaty.

On April 30, a Pakistani minister warned of a potential military strike from India within 24 to 36 hours, while Indian military units in Kashmir prepared for possible escalations in hostilities.

Diplomatic communications have indicated that any further restriction of water by India would be viewed by Pakistan as an act of war, further complicating an already fraught situation.

Both nations have significantly increased military spending and resources over recent years, with India reportedly spending $86 billion on defense in the previous year, making it the fifth-largest military spender in the world.

Pakistan maintains a smaller military footprint at approximately 600,000 active personnel compared to India's 1.5 million.

The distribution of military resources varies considerably, with India deploying greater numbers of personnel across its army, air force, and navy.

Despite the presence of nuclear capabilities—estimated around 170 warheads each for both countries—analysts are hesitant to predict that either side would use them under current circumstances.

The prevailing consensus is that a total war is not desired; however, both nations have demonstrated a willingness to escalate tensions, driven by nationalistic sentiments.

As military maneuvers continue and rhetoric intensifies, the likelihood of miscalculation increases, raising concerns over regional stability.